淋巴细胞（lymphocyte）白细胞的一种。由淋巴器官产生，机体免疫应答功能的重要细胞成分。淋巴器官根据其发生和功能的差异，可分为中枢淋巴器官（又名初级淋巴器官）和周围淋巴器官（又名次级淋巴器官）两类。前者包括胸腺、腔上囊或其相当器官（有人认为在哺乳动物是骨髓）。它们无须抗原刺激即可不断增殖淋巴细胞，成熟后将其转送至周围淋巴器官。后者包括脾、淋巴结等。成熟淋巴细胞需依赖抗原刺激而分化增殖，继而发挥其免疫功能。
In anatomy, lymph vessels (or lymphatic vessels) are thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph. As part of the lymphatic system, lymph vessels are complementary to the cardiovascular system. Lymph vessels are lined by endothelial cells, and deep to that have a thin layer of smooth muscles, and adventitia that bind the lymph vessel to the surroundings. Lymph vessels are devoted to propulsion of the lymph from the lymph capillaries, which are mainly concerned with absorption of interstitial fluid from the tissues. Lymph capillaries are slightly larger than their counterpart capillaries of the vascular system. Lymph vessel that carries lymph to a lymph node are called the afferent lymph vessel, and one that carries it from a lymph node is called the efferent lymph vessel, from where the lymph may travel to another lymph node or may be returned to a vein, or may travel to a larger lymph duct. Lymph ducts drain the lymph into one of the subclavian veins and thus return it to general circulation.
Generally, lymph flows away from the tissues to lymph nodes and eventually to either the right lymphatic duct or the largest lymph vessel in the body, the thoracic duct. These vessels drain into the right and left subclavian veins respectively.
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J Exp Med. 1974 February 1; 139(2): 295–312. PMCID: PMC2139532
Copyright © 1974 by The Rockefeller University Press
LIGAND-INDUCED MOVEMENT OF LYMPHOCYTE SURFACE MACROMOLECULES
IV. STIMULATION OF CELL MOTILITY BY ANTI-IG AND LACK OF RELATIONSHIP TO CAPPING
Emil R. Unanue, Kenneth A. Ault, and Morris J. Karnovsky
From the Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
Received October 15, 1973
This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract
Microscopic examination of spleen lymphocytes discloses a small number moving at random at a given time. The majority of lymphocytes with this spontaneous movement are thymic derived. Addition of anti-Ig antibodies stimulates random movement of B lymphocytes. This movement depends upon a bivalent antibody and a metabolically active cell. The movement is inhibited by DFP, suggesting the involvement of a serine esterase. Also the anti-Ig stimulated movement of the lymphocyte is inhibited by cytochalasin B or by not allowing the cells to settle onto a surface. Lymphocytes treated with DFP or cytochalasin B, or untreated lymphocytes in suspension, capped the anti-Ig-Ig complexes. Hence, one can dissociate the surface capping of anti-Ig-Ig complexes from cell movement. We postulate that capping may result from superficial movements of the surface and/or from membrane flow, both of which are not related to actual translation of the cell on a surface. Four effects have now been observed following combination of a ligand with the antigen receptor on the B lymphocytes: redistribution on the surface of the complexes; pinocytosis and catabolism; shedding into the extracellular environment; and stimulation of translational movement.
全文下载：LIGAND-INDUCED MOVEMENT OF LYMPHOCYTE SURFACE MACROMOLECULES
J Exp Med. 1973 Mar 1;137(3):675-89.
Ligand-induced movement of lymphocyte membrane macromolecules. 3. Relationship between the formation and fate of anti-Ig-surface Ig complexes and cell metabolism.
Unanue ER, Karnovsky MJ, Engers HD.
Abstract
Spleen lymphocytes were studied for the movement and interiorization of complexes of anti-Ig-surface Ig. The movement of the complex into a small, compact zone of the cell membrane (forming a cap) was inhibited by drugs that inhibited glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, but not by drugs that affected protein synthesis. Dead lymphocytes did not form caps. Freeze-etching techniques revealed that inhibited lymphocytes showed formation of multiple small complexes over the entire cell surface. Inhibitors of glycolysis and of oxidative phosphorylation also inhibited the interiorization and catabolism of radioiodinated anti-Ig. We hypothesize that cross-linking of all the surface Ig triggers the membrane movements that are required to pull the lattice into one zone of the cell.
J Exp Med. 1974 Nov 1;140(5):1207-20.
Ligand-induced movement of lymphocyte membrane macromolecules. V. Capping, cell movement, and microtubular function in normal and lectin-treated lymphocytes.
Unanue ER, Karnovsky MJ.
Abstract
Capping of surface Ig by anti-Ig antibodies involves a membrane perturbation requiring an energy-dependent step. Lymphocytes treated with anti-Ig are stimulated to move. Previously, we had shown that movement was not essential for capping, although it influenced the localization of the cap. We have investigated the role of cell movement and of microtubular proteins in this phenomenon. Treatment of B lymphocytes with colchicine does not affect capping of Ig nor does it affect the increase in translational movement produced by anti-Ig antibodies. Treatment of lymphocytes with cytochalasin B stops translational movement and may affect capping to some degree under appropriate circumstances. Lymphocytes treated with both drugs are impaired in capping. We surmise that there may be two cytoplasmic events regulating directly or indirectly capping: one associated with the process of translational movement, the other associated with the activity of microtubules. Lymphocytes treated with concanavalin A do not cap Ig. Colchicine reverses this inhibition. Certain experimental procedures antagonize the colchicine effect, the most striking of which is the use of cytochalasin B. Colchicine appears to increase movement of the Con A-treated lymphocyte, and this increased movement appears responsible for the accumulation of complexes to the posterior part of the cell. Con A inhibits patching of Ig by anti-Ig, and this is not reversed by colchicine.
