细胞分裂（cell division）是活细胞繁殖其种类的过程，是一个细胞分裂为两个细胞的过程。分裂前的细胞称母细胞，分裂后形成的新细胞称子细胞。一般包括细胞核分裂和细胞质分裂两步。在核分裂过程中母细胞把遗传物质传给子细胞。在单细胞生物中细胞分裂就是个体的繁殖，在多细胞生物中细胞分裂是个体生长、发育和繁殖的基础。1855年德国学者魏尔肖（R.Virchow）提出“一切细胞来自细胞”的著名论断，即认为个体的所有细胞都是由原有细胞分裂产生的。现在除细胞分裂外还没有证据说明细胞繁殖有其他途经。
①原核细胞的分裂。现在还了解不多，只对少数细菌的分裂有些具体认识。原核细胞既无核膜，也无核仁，只有由环状DNA分子构成核区，又称拟核，具有类似细胞核的功能。拟核的DNA分子或者连在质膜上，或者连在质膜内陷形成的质膜体上，质膜体又称间体。随着DNA的复制间体也复制成两个。以后，两个间体由于其间的质膜的生长而逐渐离开，与它们相连接的两个DNA分子环于是被拉开，每一个DNA环与一个间体相连。在被拉开的两个 DNA环之间细胞膜向中央长入，形成隔膜，终于使一个细胞分为两个细胞。
②真核细胞的分裂。按细胞核分裂的状况可分为3种：即有丝分裂、减数分裂和无丝分裂。有丝分裂是真核细胞分裂的基本形式。减数分裂是在进行有性生殖的生物中导致生殖母细胞中染色体数目减半的分裂过程。它是有丝分裂的一种变形，由相继的两次分裂组成。无丝分裂又称直接分裂。其典型过程是核仁首先伸长，在中间缢缩分开，随后核也伸长并在中部从一面或两面向内凹进横缢，使核变成肾形或哑铃型，然后断开一分为二。差不多同时细胞也在中部缢缩分成两个子细胞，由于在分裂过程中不形成由纺锤丝构成的纺锤体，不发生由染色质浓缩成染色体的变化，故名。
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. This type of cell division in eukaryotes is known as mitosis, and leaves the daughter cell capable of dividing again. The corresponding sort of cell division in prokaryotes is known as binary fission. In another type of cell division present only in eukaryotes, called meiosis, a cell is permanently transformed into a gamete and cannot divide again until fertilization. Right before the parent cell splits, it undergoes DNA replication.
For simple unicellular organisms[nb 1] such as the amoeba, one cell division is equivalent to reproduction-- an entire new organism is created. On a larger scale, mitotic cell division can create progeny from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. Cell division also enables a sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by cell division from gametes. And after growth, cell division allows for continual construction and repair of the organism.[1] A human being's body experiences about 10,000 trillion cell divisions in a lifetime.[2]
The primary concern of cell division is the maintenance of the original cell's genome. Before division can occur, the genomic information which is stored in chromosomes must be replicated, and the duplicated genome separated cleanly between cells. A great deal of cellular infrastructure is involved in keeping genomic information consistent between "generations".
Cells are classified into two categories: simple, non-nucleated prokaryotic cells, and complex, nucleated eukaryotic cells. By dint of their structural differences, eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells do not divide in the same way.
Furthermore, the pattern of cell division that transforms eukaryotic stem cells into gametes (sperm in males or ova in females) is different from that of eukaryote somatic (non-germ) cells.
Multicellular organisms replace worn-out cells through cell division. In some animals, however, cell division eventually halts. In humans this occurs on average, after 52 divisions, known as the Hayflick limit. The cell is then referred to as senescent. Cells stop dividing because the telomeres, protective bits of DNA on the end of a chromosome required for replication, shorten with each copy, eventually being consumed, as described in the article on telomere shortening. Cancer cells, on the other hand, are not thought to degrade in this way, if at all. An enzyme called telomerase, present in large quantities in cancerous cells, rebuilds the telomeres, allowing division to continue indefinitely.
