双向[凝胶]电泳(英语:Two-dimensional [gel] electrophoresis)是一种等电聚焦电泳与SDS-PAGE相结合,分辨率更高的蛋白质电泳检测技术。双向电泳后的凝胶经染色蛋白呈现二维分布图,水平方向反映出蛋白在等电点上的差异,而垂直方向反映出它们在分子量上的差别。所以双向电泳可以将分子量相同而等电点不同的蛋白质以及等电点相同而分子量不同的蛋白质分开。双向电泳是快速成长的蛋白质组学技术中最流行最通用的蛋白质分离方法。目前2D-PAGE能够在同一块凝胶上同步检测和定量数千个蛋白质。
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, (2-DE or 2D electrophoresis), is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to isolate the proteins in a sample for further characterization by mass spectroscopy. Mixtures of proteins are separated in the 1st dimension by their charge (isoelectric focusing (IEF)). Then in the 2nd dimension, proteins are separated by their size (molecular weight). This video shows the part 6- reduction and alkylation.
通常在2-D图谱上等电点大于7的区域较难得到无拖尾的重复性好的点图谱。
导致2-D图谱变差主要是由于:
· 蛋白上样量提高;
· 胶条的长度延长;
· pH梯度变窄;
· 较长的聚焦时间。
引起这个显著问题的原因之一是胶条碱性端还原剂的减少,如pKa约为9.2的DTT。因而巯基基团慢慢氧化,导致了蛋白等电点的变化,并同时引起了等电聚焦过程中蛋白聚焦位置延IPG胶条不断迁移的现象。
有多种方法可用于补救这个问题 :
· 选择性的烷基化(碘乙酰胺,丙烯酰胺);
· 使用不带电的还原剂(三丁膦,三羟基丙基膦);
· 除去阴极的DTT。
然而,应用以上的方法无一可成功地形成一个普遍适用的优化的方法。
半胱氨酰基团氧化成特定的“混合二硫化物”
Protein-S- + R-S-S-R ? Protein-S-S-R + R-S-
· 反应是高特性异的,无意义的副反应的几率较低;
· 该反应是一个平衡反应,要完全转化所有的半胱氨酰基团需高浓度的RSSR;
· 在pH>7的条件下,半胱氨酰基团转化成固定“混合二硫化物”的反应是自发的。
当用DTT作还原剂时,因为DTT逐渐迁移出胶条的碱性端,蛋白的聚焦位置会随着时间变化(在第一向过程中)。根据其半胱氨酰的氧化程度的不同,蛋白将出现在多个不同的位置上。
使用DeStreak时,蛋白以其完全的氧化态形式存在(也称为“混合二硫化物”),因而在聚焦过程中能获得同样的图谱而与第一向的聚焦时间无关
因而用DTT作还原剂时很难得到重现性很好的结果。但在DeStreak的帮助下,不同pH范围的胶条却很容易获得高重复性的点图谱。
结论
· 借助于DeStreak得到了改善的无拖尾的2-D图谱;
· 提高了重复性尤其是碱性端的重复性;
· 不同pH范围的胶条能产生可重现的点图谱,便于不同胶之间的比较;
· 观察到的大多数点更偏向阴极的位置;
· 用DeStreak产生的蛋白聚焦的位置是由硫醇完全转化成“混合二硫化物”后而得到的,点图谱在第一向过程中完全稳定;
· “混合二硫化物”在第一向与第二向间的平衡步骤中被还原,不影响第二向电泳,使得常规的蛋白鉴定和定性技术可得以运用。
有关去拖尾试剂的详细介绍,请点击下载说明书查看GE公司DeStreak Reagent
DeStreak Rehydration Solution contains DeStreak Reagent, which reduces nonspecific oxidation of proteins and streaking in 2-D gels and improves reproducibility significantly.
The appearance of streaks that distort 2-D electrophoresis maps is a common problem, occurring most frequently when running gels that contain regions greater than pH 7.0. Increased sample load, increased length of the IPG strip, or using a narrower pH gradient worsen the problem. Extra spots on 2-D gels, caused by nonspecific oxidation of proteins, is another difficulty encountered when running gels containing basic regions. Both streaking and nonspecific oxidation result in poorly resolved protein patterns and reduced reproducibility between electrophoresis runs.
DeStreak™ Rehydration Solution effectively eliminates nonspecific oxidation by maintaining protein thiol groups in a single oxidation state, irrespective of sample load, pH range, or run length. Protein patterns are stabilized in IPG strips of any length and pH gradient ensuring the same stable and reproducible pattern in every analysis. The effectiveness of DeStreak Rehydration Solution is maintained at the high sample loads and long run times required for preparative gel electrophoresis.
DeStreak Rehydration Solution contains optimized concentrations of urea, thiourea, CHAPS, and DeStreak Reagent. The solution is ready for use after addition of the appropriate IPG Buffer. DeStreak Reagent is also available separately in a 1-ml pack size.

Mouse liver proteins (80 µg) run on a 24 cm-long Immobiline™ DryStrip gel, pH 6-9. The IPG strip was rehydrated in 1% IPG Buffer pH 6-11, 8 M urea, 0.5% CHAPS, 10 mM DTT without DeStreak Rehydration Solution. Poor resolution and horizontal streaking are evident on the resulting 2-D gel.

Same sample, sample load, and Immobiline DryStrip gel but with rehydration of the IPG strip in DeStreak Rehydration Solution with 1% IPG Buffer. Horizontal streaking is reduced, improving the overall quality of the resulting 2-D pattern.






